Whistleblower Protection Act in Japan: Employee Rights and Corporate Obligations

Japan's Whistleblower Protection Act (2006, major 2022 reform) protects employees reporting violations of ~500 laws. Three reporting channels with escalating requirements: internal (Art. 3(1), reasonable belief sufficient), administrative (Art. 3(2), reasonable grounds required), external/media (Art. 3(3), special circumstances like retaliation risk needed). 2022 reform: mandatory whistleblowing systems for companies with 300+ employees (Art. 11), designated compliance officers with confidentiality duties (Art. 12, ¥300,000 fine for breach), protection extended to former employees (within 1 year) and directors. Protected against dismissal, demotion, pay cuts, and transfers.